Apartheid in South Africa Legislation enacted, setting the foundations for the beginning of apartheid in South Africa ANC formed Dr Malan introduces apartheid 'Freedom Charter' and the Congress Alliance Congress of the People Meeting Sharpeville Massacre (2) Sharperville Massacre (1) State of Emergency Mandela forms the 'Umkhonto we Sizwe' Mandela forms the 'Umkhonto we Sizwe' Mandela forms the 'Umkhonto we Sizwe' Soweto Riots Soweto Riots Steve Biko is killed Frederik Willem de Klerk becomes President Apartheid laws removed and Mandela released from pirson Mandela and de Klerk win the Nobel Peace Prize together Mandela becomes the first black South African President