譚(たん)詞(し)｜英國(えいこく)王室(おうしつ)喜(き)添(そえ)丁(ちょう)，育兒(いくじ)詞(し)匯(かい)有(あり)更新(こうしん)！

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<p style="text-align: center;">◆ ◆ ◆ ◆</p>
<p><strong>From babymoon to helicopter parenting: pregnancy, childbirth, and parenting words in the OED</strong></p>
<p><strong>《牛津英語詞典》育兒詞匯更新</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">◆ ◆ ◆ ◆</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">By Fi Mooring</p>
<p>英國王室喜添新丁！2018年4月23日，凱特王妃又誕下一名王子。新寶寶是威廉王子夫婦的第三個孩子，同時也是英國王室第五順位繼承人（fifth in the line of succession）。今天，我們就來學習下《牛津英語詞典》年初收錄的一些育兒新詞。</p>
<p>The last ten years have been particularly fruitful ones for the Oxford English Dictionary. Over that time, staff have celebrated the birth of twenty-five babies, and a lexicographer bringing a newborn or toddler to the office to be introduced to mummy or daddy’s colleagues is a fairly regular occurrence.</p>
<p>過去十年是OED碩果累累的十年。在這段時間裡，牛津詞典部歡慶瞭25個寶寶降臨人世。有同事帶著新生兒或學步幼兒來辦公室介紹給大傢，簡直可算常事瞭。</p>
<p>And children aren’t the only thing that editors and researchers bring back from maternity or paternity leave: with a wealth of parenting (and grandparenting) experience between us, we’ve been noticing a steady uptick in new word suggestions added to our in-house database on the related subjects of pregnancy, childbirth, and parenting. Lexicographers are always on duty, even when changing dirty nappies!</p>
<p>而孩子並不是編輯和研究人員在產假後帶回來的唯一事物：隨著大量的育兒經驗互相傳授，我們註意到詞典數據庫中有關懷孕、分娩和育兒的新詞數量也穩定上升。詞典編輯們始終在崗，哪怕給寶寶換臟尿佈時！</p>
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<p>For this OED update, we combed parenting manuals and websites for terms we ought to consider including; we read books on pregnancy, giving birth, and introducing solids to your baby. We searched corpora and our database of suggestions – collected over many years from the submissions of editors, researchers, readers, consultants, and members of the public – for related terms. And we decided to ask the experts – parents – for their opinions. We took our search to Mumsnet, the online parenting forum, asking their users to tell us the words and phrases they thought we should consider. All these suggestions were subjected to our usual process of assessment for inclusion in the Dictionary.</p>
<p>在這期更新中，我們梳理瞭應該考慮在內的各類育兒手冊和網站，翻閱瞭有關懷孕、分娩及為小寶寶引入固體食物的各類書籍。我們還在自己的語料庫和數據庫中檢索相關詞匯，將多年來編輯、研究人員、讀者、顧問和公眾成員提交的建議收集起來。我們決定向專傢即為人父母者征詢意見。我們在育兒在線論壇Mumsnet上詢問論壇用戶覺得哪些單詞或短語該收錄。經過常規評估程序，部分詞匯收錄到瞭OED中。</p>
<p>Here – by happy coincidence, just over nine months after our Mumsnet appeal – are the results of our findings: over a hundred new entries, phrases, and senses drawn from a vast and diverse vocabulary.</p>
<p>真是機緣巧合，我們在Mumsnet上征詢意見9個多月後，得到瞭這個結果：增添瞭100多個新詞條、短語和詞義，來自廣泛而多樣化的詞匯。</p>
<p>Some, like <strong>breech</strong>adj. (describing the position of a fetus in the womb) are both widely familiar and long overdue (our earliest evidence dates to 1842). Others are much more recent developments: our youngest new entry is <strong>mommy blogger</strong>, a term (sometimes regarded as disparaging or reductive) for a female blogger who writes chiefly or exclusively about parenting issues.</p>
<p>有些單詞眾所周知且很早就提出瞭（最早可追溯至1842年），如形容詞breech（臀位），形容胎兒在子宮中的位置。還有一些就比較新瞭：最新收錄的詞條是mommy blogger（媽咪博主），指主要或專門撰寫育兒問題的女性博主（有時被認為帶貶義）。</p>
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<p>Slang terms like<strong>Aunt Flo</strong>(a punning euphemism for the menstrual period) and blunt colloquialisms such as <strong>to pee on a stick</strong>(to take a pregnancy test) and <strong>to pump and dump</strong>(to express and discard breastmilk, instead of feeding it to one’s child) are new additions, while at the other end of the spectrum, medical terminology, like <strong>diastasis recti</strong>(separation of the rectus abdominis muscles, often seen in women during or after pregnancy) and <strong>biliblanket</strong>(a phototherapy device for treating jaundice in newborns), is represented.</p>
<p>一些俚語詞匯（比如：Aunt Flo大姨媽，月經期的雙關委婉語）和口語表達（比如：①to pee on a stick驗孕棒測試；②to pump and dump指吸奶後扔掉奶，而並不喂給嬰兒）都是新近收錄的。另一方面，有些醫學術語也收錄進瞭OED，例如diastasis recti（腹直肌分離，經常出現在女性懷孕期間或之後）和biliblanket（藍光毯，一種用於治療新生兒黃疸的光療設備）。</p>
<p>There is a plethora of words denoting toys and entertainments for babies and children (<strong>baby gym</strong>, <strong>board book</strong>, <strong>balance bike</strong>,<strong>comfort object</strong>) as well as terms that give us a snapshot of various different parenting philosophies, like <strong>baby-led weaning</strong>, <strong>AP</strong>– for ‘attachment parenting’ – <strong>helicopter parenting</strong>, <strong>bed-sharing</strong>, and <strong>CIO</strong>– standing for ‘cry-it-out’.</p>
<p>有大量說明嬰兒或兒童玩具和娛樂方式的新詞，例如：baby gym（寶寶健身房）、board book（紙板書）、balance bike（平衡車）、comfort object（慰藉物）。還有一些大致反映各種不同育兒哲學的詞匯，例如：baby-led weaning（嬰兒主導斷奶）、AP（attachment parenting親密育兒法）、helicopter parenting（直升機育兒法）、bed-sharing（親子同床）、CIO（cry-it-out任哭法）。</p>
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<p>The update also includes a number of words that reflect the diversity of parental experience, such as the verb <strong>co-parent</strong>and noun <strong>co-parenting</strong>. These two terms are not only used with reference to divorced or separated parents working together to bring up their children, but also increasingly employed to describe the experiences of parents who are not in a romantic relationship with one another but who choose to have a child together.</p>
<p>此次更新還包括一些反映多種育兒經驗的詞匯，例如動詞co-parent和名詞co-parenting。這兩個詞匯不僅用來指離異或分居的父母一起撫養孩子，而且越來越多地用來描述那些沒有愛情卻選擇一起生孩子的父母的經歷。</p>
<p>Differences between British English and American English account for a number of other entries in the most recent update. A <strong>diaper cake</strong>, for example, is often associated with that other truly American custom, the <strong>baby shower</strong>. Resembling a tiered cake, a diaper cake is decorated with a number of practical items for a new baby, such as clothing, small toys, toiletries, etc., with the bulk of the ‘cake’ usually comprising twisted or rolled nappies. Similar <strong>nappy cakes </strong>now sometimes show up in Britain and elsewhere but neither the gift nor the equivalent term have quite caught on yet – we’re tracking it.</p>
<p>最新更新的詞條中，很多都存在英式英語和美式英語的差異。例如，diaper cake（尿片蛋糕），常讓人聯想到真正的美國習俗baby shower（新生兒聚會）。尿片蛋糕是由一些給新生兒的實用物品裝飾而成的，擺放成一層層的蛋糕狀，可以有衣服、小玩具、洗漱用品等，而一層層的“蛋糕”通常由尿佈堆積或卷曲而成。類似的nappy cakes（尿佈蛋糕）現在有時也在英國等地出現，但無論這種禮物還是對應的當地用法都還沒有流行起來——我們會一直關註。</p>
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<p><strong>Too posh to push</strong>, on the other hand, is a uniquely British disparaging comment on elective caesareans, apparently coined in the Daily Mail in the late 1990s; it has neither caught on nor has any equivalent in American English, a curiosity perhaps influenced by a higher rate of caesarean delivery in the United States.</p>
<p>另一個例子是too posh to push，這是一個獨特的英式評論，對擇日剖腹產的輕蔑評論，明顯是20世紀90年代末《每日郵報》首創的；這個短語既沒有在美式英語中流行起來，也沒有對應的美式英語詞匯，這一點挺奇怪，或許是因為美國剖宮產率更高吧。</p>
<p>The words in this update give us some insights into the (linguistic) inventiveness, courage, and sense of humour required to raise a child. They also, perhaps, reflect the truism that each successive generation somehow remakes language (and society) in its own image. Before children can even speak, their behaviour, needs – he very fact of their existence – shapes the language of their parents, carers, and those around them. Just as our world is making its mark on our children, they’re quietly (and often not so quietly…) making their mark on us.</p>
<p>這次的更新還讓我們洞見一些養育孩子時所需的（語言學上的）創造力、勇氣和幽默感。它們也反映出每一代都會以自己的形象重塑語言（和社會），這是不言而喻的。孩子學說話前，他們的行為、需求，哪怕隻是他們的存在，就在塑造他們的父母和看護人以及周圍人的語言瞭。當我們的世界在孩子們身上留下印記的時候，孩子們也悄悄（常常並非那麼悄悄……）在我們身上留下瞭他們的印記。</p>
<p><strong>相關醫學術語</strong></p>
<p>（部分）</p>
<p>conception 受精</p>
<p>pregnancy 懷孕；孕期</p>
<p>ectopic Pregnancy 宮外孕</p>
<p>implantation 著床</p>
<p>ovulation 排卵</p>
<p>tubal pregnancy 輸卵管懷孕</p>
<p>due date, date of delivery 預產期</p>
<p>fetus 胎兒</p>
<p>fetal movement; quickening 胎動</p>
<p>fetal heart sounds 胎兒心音</p>
<p>ultrasound B超</p>
<p>rectal examination 直腸檢查</p>
<p>vaginal examination 陰道檢查</p>
<p>morning sickness 害喜</p>
<p>urinary tract infection 尿道炎</p>
<p>leg cramp 腿抽筋</p>
<p>swelling 水腫</p>
<p>albuminuria 蛋白尿癥</p>
<p>abortion 墮胎</p>
<p>delivery 分娩（期）</p>
<p>Caesarian section; c-section 剖腹產 </p>
<p>vaginal birth順產，陰道分娩</p>
<p>miscarriage 流產</p>
<p>premature birth 早產</p>
<p>dystocia 難產</p>
<p>the baby’s head engaged in the pelvis 入盆</p>
<p>cephalic position 頭位</p>
<p>breech position 臀位</p>
<p>membrane rupture 破水</p>
<p>premature rupture 早期破水</p>
<p>polyhydramnion 羊水過多</p>
<p>leakage 羊水滲漏 </p>
<p>amniocentesis 羊水穿刺</p>
<p>tubal rupture 子宮破裂</p>
<p>contraction 子宮收縮，宮縮</p>
<p>Braxton-Hicks contractions 妊娠期間歇性無痛宮縮</p>
<p>cervical dilation 開宮口</p>
<p>episiotomy 會陰切開</p>
<p>laceration of the perineum 會陰裂傷</p>
<p>perineorrhaphy stitch 會陰縫合</p>
<p>labor pain 陣痛</p>
<p>placenta praevia 胎盤前置</p>
<p>coiling of the umbilical cord 盤卷臍帶</p>
<p>hydatid mole 胞狀畸胎</p>
<p>birth canal 產道</p>
<p>narrow pelvic 骨盆狹窄</p>
<p>crowning 嬰兒露頂</p>
<p>oxytocin; pitocin 縮宮素，催產素</p>
<p>analgesics 止痛劑</p>
<p>epidural steroid Injection 硬膜外類固醇註射</p>
<p>after birth 產後</p>
<p>placenta 胎盤</p>
<p>umbilical cord 臍帶</p>
<p>cord blood 臍帶血</p>
<p>lochia 惡露</p>
<p>puerperal fever 產褥熱</p>
<p>striations of pregnancy; strech mark 妊娠紋</p>
<p>baby blue 產後沮喪</p>
<p>postpartum depression 產後抑鬱；產後憂鬱癥</p>
<p>lactation 哺乳期</p>
<p>breast feeding 母乳喂養</p>
<p>bottle feeding 人工喂養</p>
<p>colostrum 初乳</p>
<p>nipple 乳頭</p>
<p>areola 乳暈</p>
<p>mammary glands 乳腺</p>
<p>breast pump 奶泵</p>
<p>newborn baby 新生兒</p>
<p>navel 肚臍</p>
<p>vernix 胎兒皮脂</p>
<p>lanugo 胎毛</p>
<p>icterus; jaundice黃疸</p>
<p>obstetrics &amp; gynecology 婦產科</p>
<p>obstetrician (OB) 產科醫生</p>
<p>midwife 助產士</p>
<p>labor-room nurse 產房護士</p>
<p>paediatrician 兒科醫生</p>
<p>anesthetist 麻醉師</p>
<p>lactation consultant 哺乳顧問</p>
<p>（文字整理自“牛津詞典”和網絡，圖片摘自牛津詞典博客）</p>
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<p></p> 以上專題内容由<a href="http://www.dozo8.com.tw/gallery-36-grid.html">converse帆布鞋</a>推薦（<a href="http://www.dozo8.com.tw/gallery-36-grid.html">http://www.dozo8.com.tw/gallery-36-grid.html</a>;）


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